| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Improved Benevolent Protective Order of Elks of the World ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World
The Improved Benevolent Protective Order of Elks of the World or IBPOEW is an African American fraternal order modeled on the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks.
== History ==
The Order claims descent from the Free African Society, the first formal black society in America, founded by Absalom Jones and Richard Allen in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1787. Its formal organization as a separate Order, however, began in February 1897, in Cincinnati by B. F. Howard, a resident of that city and Arthur J. Riggs, a Pullman porter. Their ritual was copyrighted in September 1898.〔Schmidt, Alvin J. ''Fraternal Organizations'' Westport, CT; Greenwood Press pp.107-8〕
In 1912 the Improved Benevolent Protective Order of Elks of the World was sued by the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks in the State of New York to keep them from using the "Elks" name. The New York Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the BPOE, Judge Barlett stating "If the members desired the name of an animal there is a long list of beasts, birds, fishes which have not yet been appropriated for such a purpose."〔Preuss, Arthur ''A Dictionary of Secret and other Societies'' St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co. 1924; republished Detroit: Gale Reference Company 1966; p.206〕 While the judge ruled in favor of the "white" Elks, the decision was apparently ignored.〔Schmidt p.108〕
The IBOEW founded a Civil Liberties department in 1926, and was active in opposing the segregation of schools in Gary, Indiana the next year.〔Schmidt p.108〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|